The 0s began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31, AD 9, covering the first nine years of the Common Era.
In Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Vinicius, Tiberius and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the Bellum Batonianum against a rebelling alliance of native peoples led by Bato the Daesitiate in Illyricum, which was suppressed in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where Daeso, King of Dongbuyeo invaded Goguryeo with a 50,000-man army in AD 6. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, the last ruler of the Chinese Western Han dynasty (Ruzi Ying) was deposed, allowing Wang Mang to establish the Xin dynasty.
Literary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid; the Ars Amatoria, an instructional elegy series in three books, Metamorphoses, a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework, and Ibis, a curse poem written during his years in exile across the Black Sea for an offense against Augustus. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume History of the World.
Estimates for the world population by AD 1 range from 170 to 300 million. A census was concluded in China in AD 2: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.
Contents
Calendar details
Because there is no year zero in the Gregorian calendar, this period is one of two "1-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain only nine years, along with the 0s BC. The Anno Domini (AD) calendar era which numbers these years 1-9 was devised by Dionysius Exiguus in 525, and became widely used in Christian Europe in the 9th century. Dionysius assigned BC 1 to be the year he believed Jesus was born (or according to at least one scholar, AD 1). Modern scholars disagree with Dionysius' calculations, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).
Errors applying leap years in the Julian Calendar affect parts of this 1-to-9 timespan. As a result, sources differ as to whether, for example, AD 1 was a common year starting on Saturday or Sunday. It was a common year starting on Saturday by the proleptic Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday by the proleptic Gregorian calendar. It is the epoch year for the Anno Domini (AD) Christian calendar era, and the 1st year of the 1st century and 1st millennium of the Christian or Common Era (CE).
Politics and wars
Heads of state
For brevity, only the most powerful and hegemonic states of the period are included. See list of state leaders in the 1st century for a broader list. Furthermore, the last year of a reign is excluded from this table if it lasted multiple years.
Events
Africa
AD 2 – Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured with her.
AD 7 – The epoch of the Ethiopian calendar begins.
China
AD 1 – Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Baocheng Xuan Ni Gong.
AD 2 – Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.
AD 2 – The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.
AD 3 – Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.
AD 4 – Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.
AD 4 – Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke".
AD 6, January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.
AD 6, February 3 – The boy emperor, Ping Di, dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the Jushe era of the Han dynasty.
AD 6 – Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.
AD 6 – The imperial Liu clan suspects the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June.
Europe
AD 8 – Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.
Korea
AD 4 – Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date).
Persia
AD 2 - Vonones I, who had been installed as king of the Parthian Empire after a period of exile in Rome, was deposed by the Mahestan, the Parthian noble council. His Romanized policies and mannerisms were unpopular among the Parthian aristocracy, prompting the council to replace him with Artabanus III, a more traditional Parthian ruler.
AD 4 – King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the interregnum.
AD 7 – Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date).
AD 8 – Vonones I becomes king (shah) of the Parthian Empire.
Roman Empire
AD 1 – Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).
AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invading the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.
AD 1 – Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think that Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).
AD 2 – Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Augustus allows his stepson Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on Rhodes.
AD 2 – Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built.
AD 3 – The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.
AD 4 – Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
AD 4 – Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
AD 4 – The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
AD 4 – A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.
AD 4 – Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
Demographics
Estimates for the world population in 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million. The below table summarizes estimates by various authors.
Significant people
Erato, Artaxiad dynasty Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC, 2 BC – 2 AD, 6–11
Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC – 2 AD
Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
Tigranes V, Artaxiad dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
Ping Di, Emperor of Han dynasty China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD
Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han dynasty China, r. 6–9
Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin dynasty in China r. 9–23
Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – 17 AD
Arminius, German war chief
Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC-1 AD
Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 1-58
Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – 10 AD
Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC – AD 9
Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
Suinin, Legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – 70 AD
Natakamani, King of Kush, r. (1 BC – AD 20)
Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, 4 BC–AD 7, 13–50
Births
AD 1 – Sextus Afranius Burrus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 62)
AD 1 – Izates II, King of Adiabene (d. AD 54)
AD 1 – Seneca the Younger, Roman stoic philosopher born in Cordoba (d. AD 65)
AD 2 – Deng Yu, Chinese general and statesman (d. AD 58)
AD 3 – Ban Biao, Chinese historian and official (d. AD 54)
AD 3 – Geng Yan, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. AD 58)
AD 3 – Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, Roman politician and astrologer (d. AD 79)
AD 4 – Columella, Roman Latin writer (d. AD 70)
AD 4 – Daemusin, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. AD 44)
AD 4 – Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger, Roman nobleman (d. AD 27)
AD 4 (Possible date) – Jesus, Jewish preacher and religious leader (executed c. AD 30/33)
AD 5 – Habib the Carpenter, Syrian disciple, martyr
AD 5 – Paul the Apostle, Jewish leader of the Christians
AD 5 – Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Xuan of Han (d. AD 25)
AD 5 – Yin Lihua, empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 64)
AD 6 – Gaius Manlius Valens, Roman senator and consul (d. AD 96)
Deaths
AD 1 – Amanishakheto, queen of Kush (Nubia)
AD 2, August 20 – Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 17 BC)
AD 2 – Gaius Marcius Censorinus, Roman consul (approximate date)
AD 3 – Bao Xuan, Chinese politician of the Han dynasty
AD 4 – February 21 – Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 20 BC)
AD 4 – June 26 – Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (b. 40 BC)
AD 4 – Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 65 BC)
AD 4 – Hyeokgeose, Korean king of Silla (b. 75 BC)
AD 4 – Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, Roman consul
AD 6, February 3 – Ping, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 9 BC)
AD 6 – Cleopatra Selene II, Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)
AD 6 – Orodes III, king (shah) of the Parthian Empire
AD 6 – Terentia, wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC)
AD 7 – Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC)
AD 7 – Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, Roman consul
AD 7 – Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia (approximate date)
