Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. The period when he reigned in the Ottoman Empire is known as the Hamidian Era. He oversaw a period of decline, with rebellions (particularly in the Balkans), and presided over an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–78) followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. In accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the Ottoman Empire's only constitution, a sign of the progressive thinking that marked his early rule. But in 1878, citing disagreements with the Ottoman Parliament, he suspended both the constitution and the parliament. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire continued during his reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the extension of the Rumelia Railway and of the Anatolia Railway, and the construction of the Baghdad Railway and the Hejaz Railway. In addition, systems for population registration and control over the press were established, along with the first local modern law school in 1898. The most far-reaching of the reforms were in education, with many professional schools established in fields including law, arts, trades, civil engineering, veterinary medicine, customs, farming, and linguistics. Although Abdul Hamid II closed Istanbul University in 1881, it reopened in 1900, and a network of primary, secondary, and military schools extended throughout the Empire. German firms played a major role in developing the Empire's railway and telegraph systems. This modernization cost the Empire its economic sovereignty, as its finances came under control of the Great Powers through the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. Many attempts were made on Abdul Hamid's life during his reign. Amongst the many assassination attempts against him, one of the most famous is the Yıldız assassination attempt of 1905 by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Large sections of the Ottoman intelligentsia also sharply criticized and opposed him due to his use of secret police to silence dissent and the Young Turks movement.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

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Overview

Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. The period when he reigned in the Ottoman Empire is known as the Hamidian Era. He oversaw a period of decline, with rebellions (particularly in the Balkans), and presided over an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–78) followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. In accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the Ottoman Empire's only constitution, a sign of the progressive thinking that marked his early rule. But in 1878, citing disagreements with the Ottoman Parliament, he suspended both the constitution and the parliament. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire continued during his reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the extension of the Rumelia Railway and of the Anatolia Railway, and the construction of the Baghdad Railway and the Hejaz Railway. In addition, systems for population registration and control over the press were established, along with the first local modern law school in 1898. The most far-reaching of the reforms were in education, with many professional schools established in fields including law, arts, trades, civil engineering, veterinary medicine, customs, farming, and linguistics. Although Abdul Hamid II closed Istanbul University in 1881, it reopened in 1900, and a network of primary, secondary, and military schools extended throughout the Empire. German firms played a major role in developing the Empire's railway and telegraph systems. This modernization cost the Empire its economic sovereignty, as its finances came under control of the Great Powers through the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. Many attempts were made on Abdul Hamid's life during his reign. Amongst the many assassination attempts against him, one of the most famous is the Yıldız assassination attempt of 1905 by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Large sections of the Ottoman intelligentsia also sharply criticized and opposed him due to his use of secret police to silence dissent and the Young Turks movement.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. The period when he reigned in the Ottoman Empire is known as the Hamidian Era. He oversaw a period of decline, with rebellions (particularly in the Balkans), and presided over an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–78) followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention.

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