Aleksandr Bakunin

Biography

Bakunin was born on 28 October [O.S. 17 October] 1768 in the village of Pryamukhino, Novotorzhsky district of the Tver province of the Russian Empire, into the family of a state councilor, vice-president of the chamber collegium Mikhail Vasilyevich Bakunin (1730-1803) and Princess Lyubov Petrovna Myshetskaya (1738-1814).

In 1781, Bakunin, under the patronage of his uncle Peter Vasilyevich Bakunin ("the little one"), was sent to Piedmont, where he began serving as an actuary at the office of the Russian envoy in Turin. In Piedmont, he graduated from the Faculty of Natural History of the University of Turin.

In 1789, after graduating from the university, he wrote his thesis on helminthology at the Faculty of Natural Philosophy and received his PhD. In July 1789, for his scientific merits, he was elected a corresponding member of the Turin Royal Academy of Sciences.

In 1789, he served in Paris, where he observed the French Revolution, which he later described as "the bloody inconveniences of the transition of supreme power into the hands of people who have no other qualities than free-thinking." These experiences made him a political conservative and an opponent of any social upheaval. He believed that "the feasible maintenance of power and existing laws is the path of every honest and enlightened person, and nationwide participation in governing the country is a dream inspired by the microscopic republics of Ancient Greece." At the same time, according to Vissarion Belinsky, who knew him, he was "one of those people blessed by God at birth, who will be born with everything that constitutes a higher spiritual person." Thanks to his personal, human qualities, he later managed to create an atmosphere in his estate Pryamukhino, permeated with love and poetry, and favourable for philosophical reflection and free-thinking.

Return to Pryamukhino

In March 1790, at his parents' insistence, Bakunin returned to Russia. On 14 July 1790, he resigned from the service, and on 31 March 1791, he retired with the rank of court councilor. For some time after his resignation, he lived in St. Petersburg, where he was an active member of the literary circle of his longtime acquaintance (and by that time a relative) Nikolai Lvov. One of the members of this circle, the poet Gavrila Derzhavin, noted that one of Bakunin's poems was an idyll.

In 1791, he settled in the family estate of Pryamukhino in the Novotorzhsky district of the Tver province. Here he became personally involved in the neglected economy of the estate.

In January 1797, after the accession to the throne of Emperor Paul I, Bakunin was summoned to St. Petersburg. He was awarded the rank of Collegiate Councillor, and was appointed to serve as an advisor to the Gatchina city government organized by Paul I. Here he supervised the construction of a cascade of ponds in the Sylvia Park on the Kolpanka River, which was designed by Nikolai Lvov. However, on 14 November 1797, at the insistence of his mother, he again resigned in order to return and finally settle in Pryamukhino. There he became actively engaged in the restoration of the local economy. At the start of his economic reforms, he drew up a draft agreement with the peasants, which, according to his plan, was to be the basis for the reforms carried out in the economy. This project, along with most of his economic innovations, remained unfulfilled. However, by 1804, the debt of his family was reduced by twenty thousand rubles, although his further marriage and the birth of his children meant he had to borrow again.

In a preface to a philosophical treatise, Bakunin argued that times of glory and power for Russia were always associated with the freedom of its people, and that the "slavery" of its peasants, which at that time seemed natural and traditional to many, was a consequence of the greed of the grandees, unrestrained by the law.

Bakunin was also actively involved in the construction of a new residential building in his estate. By 1810, two separate outbuildings were built, which were later combined into a single structure. In 1808, construction began on a new stone church, which was mostly completed by 1826. He was also involved in park construction in his estate, which the Bakunins inherited from the former owners of the Shishkovs. He arranged picturesque cascades of ponds in the park, converted the old Riga into a Turkish bathhouse, and arranged several baths on the left bank of the Osuga River.

Family

In 1810, Alexander Bakunin fell in love with eighteen-year-old Varvara Alexandrovna Muravyova (1792-1864), the only daughter of Alexander Fedorovich Muravyov (d. 1792) and Varvara Mikhailovna Mordvinova (1762-1842). She was 24 years younger than her husband and before marriage she lived in the estate of her stepfather - Pavel Markovich Poltoratsky, a relative of the Bakunins, in Bakhovkino, 30 kilometers from Pryamukhin. According to the family legend, Varvara Aleksandrovna was in love with her cousin A.N. Muravyov, who taught her, among other things, to fence and to dance the cachucha. At first, due to the age difference, she refused Bakunin her hand. Not counting on the success of the matchmaking anymore, Alexander Mikhailovich was going to commit suicide, but his sister Tatyana immediately let Varvara Alexandrovna know about it. She was horrified and decided to become the philosopher's wife. He loved and knew only her all his life. The engagement took place on 3 June 1810, and on 16 October, a wedding followed in the Pryamukha house church. The family had five daughters and six sons:

Lyubov (1811-1838), was the bride of Nikolai Stankevich, died of consumption.

Varvara (1812-1866), since 1835 - the wife of Lieutenant Nikolai Nikolaevich Dyakov (1812-1852), from 1838 to 1843 lived separately from her husband abroad, was in love with NV Stankevich.

Mikhail (1814-1876), theorist of anarchism, was married to Anastasia Ksaveryevna Kvyatovskaya.

Tatyana (1815-1871), single, Vissarion Belinsky's acquaintance, a poem by Ivan Turgenev is dedicated to her.

Alexandra (1816-1882), Vissarion Belinsky was infatuated with her, V.P. Botkin wooed her, since 1844 the wife of Gabriel Petrovich Wulf (1807-1861).

Nikolai (1818-1901), staff captain, in his first marriage was married to Anna Petrovna Ushakova, in the second to Sofya Alekseevna Sokolova.

Ilya (1819-1900), was married to Elizaveta Albertovna Schlippenbach.