Arnhem

The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Their relationship has been demonstrated through shared morphology in their verbal inflections. Many of the languages have a fortis–lenis contrast in plosive consonants. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing. Languages Rebecca Green (2004) reconstructed the paradigms of 28 Proto-Arnhem verbs. The languages included by Green are as follows, though Green only accepts Maningrida as a demonstrated branch: Maningrida Burarra Guragone Djeebbana Nakkara ? East Arnhem: Nunggubuyu Ngandi † Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)* ? Marran: Marra Warndarang † ?Yugul † ?Alawa* ?Mangarayi † Kungarakany † Gaagudju † ? Gunwinyguan (Gunwinyguan proper) Gunwinggic: Kunwinjku (Gunwinggu, Bininj Kunwok) Gunbarlang † Jawoyn (Djauan) Dalabon (Ngalkbun) † Jala (Rembarngic): Rembarunga Ngalakgan † Warrayic: † Waray Uwinymil