Bureau des Longitudes

The Bureau des Longitudes is a French scientific institution, founded by decree of 25 June 1795 and charged with the improvement of nautical navigation, standardisation of time-keeping, geodesy and astronomical observation. During the 19th century, it was responsible for synchronizing clocks across the world. It was headed during this time by François Arago and Henri Poincaré. The Bureau now functions as an academy and still meets monthly to discuss topics related to astronomy. The Bureau was founded by the National Convention after it heard a report drawn up jointly by the Committee of Navy, the Committee of Finances and the Committee of State education. Henri Grégoire had brought to the attention of the National Convention France's failing maritime power and the naval mastery of England, proposing that improvements in navigation would lay the foundations for a renaissance in naval strength. As a result, the Bureau was established with authority over the Paris Observatory and all other astronomical establishments throughout France. The Bureau was charged with taking control of the seas away from the English and improving accuracy when tracking the longitudes of ships through astronomical observations and reliable clocks. The ten original members of its founding board were: Joseph-Louis Lagrange, geometer; Pierre-Simon Laplace, geometer; Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande, astronomer; Pierre Méchain, astronomer; Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, astronomer; Dominique, comte de Cassini, astronomer; Jean-Charles de Borda, Navy officer; Jean-Nicolas Buache, geographer; Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Navy officer; Noël Simon Caroché, manufacturer of telescopes.