Canyon

Canyon is a 1959 artwork by American artist Robert Rauschenberg. The piece is one of his most celebrated and best known works, and is one of his Combines. Rauschenberg coined the phrase Combine in 1954 to describe his artworks that incorporate elements of both sculpture and painting. Canyon includes a taxidermied golden eagle and a pillow, along with other sculptural elements mounted on a painted and collaged canvas. Canyon was subject to an ownership controversy after the death of its owner, Ileana Sonnabend. This was due to the work’s inclusion of an endangered species: the taxidermied golden eagle. According to U.S. law, Canyon could never be sold because of the 1940 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The prohibition of its sale ultimately resulted in the work’s donation to the Museum of Modern Art in 2012. Materials Between 1954 and 1965, Rauschenberg created Combine paintings which often involved affixing sculptural elements to more typical painted canvases. Some Combines are wall-mounted while others are free-standing. In Canyon, elements such as photographic images, fragments of clothing, and newspaper clippings are affixed to the surface either by paint, with string, or by other means. Other examples of such paintings are Reservoir (1961) and Monogram (1955–59). Canyon features a taxidermied golden eagle, a pillow attached with string, a paint tube, and various textiles. The eagle was given to Rauschenberg by Sari Dienes, which she presumed formerly belonged to her neighbor who was a Rough Rider. Dienes found the golden eagle on the street among her recently deceased neighbor's discarded belongings.