The Colonial School (French: École coloniale, also known colloquially as la Colo) was a French public higher education institution or grande école, created in Paris in 1889 to provide training for public servants and administrators of the French colonial empire. It also was a center for research in geography, anthropology, ethnology and other scientific endeavors with a focus on French-administered territories.
As France's overseas possessions changed and shrank, the school was restructured and renamed on several occasions: in 1934 as École nationale de la France d'outre-mer (ENFOM, "National School of Overseas France"), in 1959 as Institut des hautes études d'Outre-Mer (IHEOM, "Institute of Higher Overseas Studies"), and in 1966 as Institut international d’administration publique (IIAP, "International Institute of Public Administration"). It had students from both Metropolitan France and its overseas possessions and colonies. Its latest incarnation, the IIAP, was sometimes referred to as "the foreigners' ENA" with reference to France's École nationale d'administration, and was eventually merged into ENA in 2002.
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Background
In 1885, explorer and administrator Auguste Pavie created a training program for native employees of the telegraph service in French Cambodia, which took the name of mission cambodgienne ("Cambodian mission"). This was succeeded in 1889 by the Colonial School as a fully-fledged establishment for the professional education of colonial services staff. Its creation, supported by State Councillor Paul Dislère, was the first successful effort to create a permanent establishment specifically for the training of French civil servants, thus prefiguring both ENA and the French National School for the Judiciary.
African students were admitted from 1892 alongside the Cambodian class, and soon later, students from Metropolitan France as well.
In 1927, classes préparatoires were created at both Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Lycée Henri-IV to prepare future students of the Colonial School, and the latter's training was made free of charge in 1931.
Building
The school's building in Paris, on 2 avenue de l'Observatoire near the Jardin du Luxembourg, was designed by architect Maurice Yvon and built from 1895 to 1911. The Colonial School moved there in 1896 after having been located during its first few years on rue Jacob.
It is a prime exemplar of French colonial Moorish Revival architecture, with inspiration principally from Moroccan architecture, and used to be known colloquially as the "old mosque" since it predated the Grand Mosque of Paris, built in a similar style. Its decorative features include works by painters Charles Lameire, Gabriel-Charles Deneux and Claude Bourgonnier, and by ceramic artist Jules Paul Loebnitz.
The building was successively the seat of ENFOM, IHEOM, and IIAP including after the latter's absorption by ENA in 2002. Some of the building's decoration evoking colonial glories was deemed inappropriate and removed in the 1970s.
In 2007, Sciences Po acquired ENA's Parisian campus on the rue de l'Université, and ENA made the Colonial School building its sole Parisian location at the end of that year. On 1 January 2022, ENA was in turn replaced by the Institut national du service public, which kept the Colonial School building as its Paris campus.
Leadership
Directors
1889–1905: Etienne Aymonier
1905–1917: Maurice Doubrère
1918–1926: Max Outrey
1926–1933: Georges Hardy
1933–1937: Henri Gourdon
1937–1946: Robert Delavignette
1946–1950: Paul Mus
1950–1959: Paul Bouteille
1959–1964: François Luchaire
1965–1974: Jean Baillou
1974–1982: Henri Roson
1982–1985: Gaston Olive
1985–1993: Jean-Pierre Puissochet
1993: Michel Franc
1993–2001: Didier Maus
Selected faculty
Hubert Lyautey
Jules Brévié
Pierre Moussa
Louis Vignon
Charles-André Julien
Henri Brunschwig
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Selected alumni
Max Jacob (1876–1944), French poet
Félix Éboué (1884–1944), colonial administrator
Sisavang Vong (1885–1959), King of Luang Prabang and of Laos
Phetsarath Rattanavongsa (1890–1959), Prime Minister of Laos
Raymond Dronne (1908–1991), French resistance fighter
Pierre Messmer (1916–2007), French Prime Minister and colonial administrator
Hamani Diori (1916–1989), first President of the Republic of Niger
Gabriel Lisette (1919–2001), Chadian statesman
Yves de Daruvar (1921–2018), French administrator
Pierre Alexandre (1922–1994), French anthropologist
Charles Assemekang (1926–1999), Congolese politician
Cheikh Hamidou Kane (1928–), Senegalese writer
Babacar Ba (1930–2006), Senegalese statesman
Habib Thiam (1933–2017), Senegalese statesman
Paul Biya (1933–), president of Cameroon
Gervais Djondo (1934–), Togolese entrepreneur
Abdou Diouf (1935–), second President of Senegal