François Péron

Life

Péron was born in Cérilly, Allier, in 1775, the son of a tailor (not a harness maker as is frequently asserted). Although intended for the priesthood, due to the Revolution Péron reluctantly joined the 2nd Allier Volunteer Battalion in 1792 and helped defend besieged Landau. In the following year he was wounded and taken prisoner by Prussian forces near Hochspeyer in the Pfälzerwald. Imprisoned in the fortress of Magdeburg, he was not repatriated to France until 1794. Having lost the sight of an eye, Péron was invalided out of the army. For two years he was town clerk in Cérilly before gaining a scholarship to study medicine in Paris. While in Paris, Péron changed interests towards zoology, spending time at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle. In 1800, after an unhappy love affair, he sought to join Nicolas Baudin's expedition to Australian waters as an anthropological observer. Instead he was appointed as a trainee zoologist.

During the voyage, which charted significant stretches of the Australian coast between 1801 and 1803, Péron clashed repeatedly with Baudin. Péron was "in the habit of getting lost and returning dehydrated and exhausted while exploring. These habits were a constant source of irritation to Baudin". When Stanislas Levillain and René Maugé died, Péron rose to prominence as the sole remaining zoologist. Baudin had already lost numerous officers, sailors, savants and artists who deserted in Mauritius. With the aid of the artist Charles Alexandre Lesueur, Péron was largely responsible for gathering some 100,000 zoological specimens—the most comprehensive Australian natural history collection to date. Although he died before he could fully study his specimens, Péron made a major contribution to the foundations of the natural sciences in Australia and was a prescient ecological thinker. He was also a pioneer oceanographer who conducted important experiments on sea water temperatures at depth.

As a Corresponding Member of the Société des observateurs de l'homme, Péron wrote a great deal about the Tasmanian Aborigines of the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, on south-eastern Tasmania. Within 30 years almost all were dead through disease and war. The Australian historian Edward Duyker has shown that he has been unfairly accused of polygenism and racism, mainly because of a mistranslation of extracts from one of his scientific papers.

Baudin died before he could return to France, and it was Péron who began writing the official account of the expedition: Journey of Discovery to the Southern Lands (Voyage de découvertes aux terres australes). In doing so, he committed a great injustice to his former commander's memory by magnifying his faults and frequently distorting the historical record. In the wake of the resumed fighting between France and Britain, Péron also drafted a secret Memo on English settlements in New Holland (Mémoire sur les établissements anglais à la Nouvelle Hollande), which advocated a French conquest of Port Jackson with the aid of rebellious Irish convicts.

Death and legacy

Péron died of tuberculosis in his hometown of Cérilly in 1810. He was just thirty-five years old. The task of completing the official account of the expedition fell to Louis de Freycinet.

Peron Place in the Canberra suburb of Banks is named in his honour.

Taxa named in honour of Péron

Several species of reptiles, amphibians and mammals were named in honour of Péron:

Litoria peronii (Tschudi, 1838) – Péron’s treefrog (Hylidae)

Limnodynastes peronii (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – striped marsh frog (Limnodynastidae)

Carlia peronii (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1839) – Timor rainbow skink (Scincidae)

Hemiergis peronii (Gray, 1831) - lowland earless skink (Scincidae)

Acalyptophis peronii (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) – spiny seasnake (Elapidae)

Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804) – southern right whale dolphin (Delphinidae)

Phyllorhiza peronlesueuri (Goy, 1990) – a jellyfish (Mastigiidae). The specific epithet also honors Charles Alexandre Lesueur of the Baudin expedition.

Taxa described by Péron

In the 1807 first volume of Journey of Discovery to the Southern Lands, Péron described a number of frog species collected on his travels, but most are considered incertae sedis today (i.e., Rana pollicifera and Rana pustulosa in Anura, Hyla ianopoda, Hyla nebulosa, Hyla ocellata and Hyla rubeola in Hylidae: Pelodryadinae, and Bufo leucogaster and Bufo proteus in Myobatrachidae). Hyla cyanea was synonymised with Litoria caerulea (White, 1790) – White's treefrog, but Hyla citripoda does survive as a valid species, Litoria citropa (Péron, 1807) – Blue Mountains treefrog.

See also Category:Taxa named by François Péron.

Publications

—— Observations sur l’anthropologie, ou l’Histoire naturelle de l’homme, la nécessité de s’occuper de l’avancement de cette science, et l’importance de l’admission sur la Flotte du capitaine Baudin d’un ou de plusieurs Naturalistes, spécialement chargés des Recherches à faire sur cet objet, Stoupe, Paris, an VIII [1800].

—— Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté, l’Empereur et Roi, sur les corvettes le Géographe, le Naturaliste et la goëlette le Casuarina, pendant les années 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804, L’Imprimerie Impériale, 3 vols and atlas, Paris, 1807–17; vol. i, Historique, 1807; vol. ii, Historique [completed by L. de Freycinet], 1816; vol. iii, Navigation et géographie [by L. de Freycinet], 1815; Atlas historique [by C. A. Leseur & N. Petit], 1817.

—— A Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Hemisphere Performed by Order of the Emperor Napoleon, During the Years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804, printed for Richard Phillips, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, by B. McMillan, Bow Street, Covent Garden, London, 1809.

Péron, F. [and de Freycinet, L.], Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes, fait par ordre du gouvernement, sur les corvettes le Géographe, le Naturaliste et la goëlette le Casuarina, pendant les années 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804, 4 vols and atlas, Paris, 1824.

—— Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands, by François Péron, continued by Louis de Freycinet, 2nd edn 1824: Book IV, Comprising Chapters XXII to XXXIV (trans. C. Cornell; introduction by Anthony J. Brown), Friends of the State Library of South Australia, Adelaide, 2003.

F. Péron (2012) [1809]. A Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Hemisphere: Performed by Order of the Emperor Napoleon, during the Years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804. Project Gutenberg Australia. Wikidata Q128749102.

—— Entdeckungs-Reise nach den Süd-Ländern ausgefürt auf Befehl Sr. Majestät des Kaisers und Königs, auf den Corvetten dem Geographen, dem Naturalisten und der Golette dem Casuarina, während der Jahre 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 und 1804 (trans. Ph. W. G. Hausleutner), J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Tübingen, 2 vols, 1808–19.