Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl Beg was the second ruler of the Turkoman Dulkadirid principality, reigning from 1353 to 1386. Having actively taken part in military pursuits during his father Zayn al-Din Qarāja's rule, he further expanded the influence of the Dulkadirids and clashed with the Mamluk suzerainty, deteriorating the growingly tense Dulkadirid-Mamluk relations. The disturbance caused by Khalīl in the northern frontier of the Mamluks prompted the Mamluk sultan to manipulate the internal relations of the Dulkadir dynasty. The sultan commissioned Sarim al-Din Ibrahim, who sought Mamluk recognition for his domains near Harpoot, to assassinate his ruling brother, Khalīl. Ghars al-Dīn was thus ambushed and eliminated, allowing his other brother Shaban Sūlī's rise to the throne. Early life and background Khalīl was the son of Zayn al-Din Qarāja, a Turkoman chieftain who, after a series of clashes with other local Turkoman lords and Mamluk governors, was recognized by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad as the na'ib of the lands stretching from Marash to Elbistan in 1337. During Qarāja's rule, Khalīl actively took part in his father's military campaigns. He captured Elbistan in the name of his father from the rival Turkoman lord Ṭaraqlu Khalil bin Tarafī, in 1335 or 1337, which was going to serve as the capital until the fall of the Dulkadirids. Qarāja, who had rocky diplomatic relations with the Mamluks, eventually declared independence in 1348. As a result, the Mamluks sacked and occupied Elbistan, prompting Qarāja to escape to the mountains. In order to help his father gain some time, Khalīl attacked the Mamluk army with 20 of his men but was captured. In 1353, Qarāja took refuge in the court of the Eretnid ruler Giyath al-Din Muhammad, but at the request of the Mamluks he was chained and sent to Aleppo on 22 September 1353, for which Muhammad was paid 500 thousand dinars. One of Qarāja's sons agreed with the Bedouin leader Jabbar bin Muhanna to attack Aleppo in order to save his father. This was unsuccessful, and further angered Sultan Salih, who demanded Qarāja's transfer to Cairo. Sultan Salih scolded him in person and kept him in the Citadel of Cairo. After being imprisoned for 48 days, he was tortured to death on 11 December 1353. His corpse was left hanging in Bab Zuweila for 3 days. Rise to power After the death of Qarāja, the Mamluks did not recognize Khalīl as the new ruler of his father's domains.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl Beg was the second ruler of the Turkoman

Overview

Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl Beg was the second ruler of the Turkoman Dulkadirid principality, reigning from 1353 to 1386. Having actively taken part in military pursuits during his father Zayn al-Din Qarāja's rule, he further expanded the influence of the Dulkadirids and clashed with the Mamluk suzerainty, deteriorating the growingly tense Dulkadirid-Mamluk relations. The disturbance caused by Khalīl in the northern frontier of the Mamluks prompted the Mamluk sultan to manipulate the internal relations of the Dulkadir dynasty. The sultan commissioned Sarim al-Din Ibrahim, who sought Mamluk recognition for his domains near Harpoot, to assassinate his ruling brother, Khalīl. Ghars al-Dīn was thus ambushed and eliminated, allowing his other brother Shaban Sūlī's rise to the throne. Early life and background Khalīl was the son of Zayn al-Din Qarāja, a Turkoman chieftain who, after a series of clashes with other local Turkoman lords and Mamluk governors, was recognized by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad as the na'ib of the lands stretching from Marash to Elbistan in 1337. During Qarāja's rule, Khalīl actively took part in his father's military campaigns. He captured Elbistan in the name of his father from the rival Turkoman lord Ṭaraqlu Khalil bin Tarafī, in 1335 or 1337, which was going to serve as the capital until the fall of the Dulkadirids. Qarāja, who had rocky diplomatic relations with the Mamluks, eventually declared independence in 1348. As a result, the Mamluks sacked and occupied Elbistan, prompting Qarāja to escape to the mountains. In order to help his father gain some time, Khalīl attacked the Mamluk army with 20 of his men but was captured. In 1353, Qarāja took refuge in the court of the Eretnid ruler Giyath al-Din Muhammad, but at the request of the Mamluks he was chained and sent to Aleppo on 22 September 1353, for which Muhammad was paid 500 thousand dinars. One of Qarāja's sons agreed with the Bedouin leader Jabbar bin Muhanna to attack Aleppo in order to save his father. This was unsuccessful, and further angered Sultan Salih, who demanded Qarāja's transfer to Cairo. Sultan Salih scolded him in person and kept him in the Citadel of Cairo. After being imprisoned for 48 days, he was tortured to death on 11 December 1353. His corpse was left hanging in Bab Zuweila for 3 days. Rise to power After the death of Qarāja, the Mamluks did not recognize Khalīl as the new ruler of his father's domains.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).