The Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host (Ukrainian: Гетьман Війська Запорозького, romanized: Hetman Viiska Zaporozkoho, Latin: Cosaccorum Zaporoviesium Supremus Belli Dux) was the head of state of the Cossack Hetmanate. The office was abolished by the Russian government in 1764.
Contents
Full title
Hetman with [His Tsar's / Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман(ъ) з(ъ) Войскомъ [его царского величества / его королевской милости] Запоро(жс/з)кимъ; Polish: Hetman z Wojskiem [Jego Królewskiej Mości / Jego Carskiego Wieliczestwa] Zaporoskim; Middle Russian: гетман с Воиском [его королевской милости] Запорожским) - used by 17th-century hetmans including Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Yurii Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky, Petro Doroshenko, Ivan Samoilovych and during the early rule of Ivan Mazepa; the monarch's title was altered depending on the current political allegiance of the Cossack host;
Hetman of [His Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман Воиска [его кор[олевскои] милости] Запороз(с)кого; Russian: гетман Войска Запорожского) - used by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi before the Treaty of Pereyaslav.
[His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of Zaporozhian Hosts [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войскъ Запоро(ж)скихъ [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) or [His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) - titles used by Ivan Mazepa (1689-1709) and his successor Ivan Skoropadsky;
Hetman of His / Her Imperial Majesty's Zaporozhian Host on both sides of the Dnieper (Old Ukrainian: Его / Εꙗ Імператорского вεличεства Воиска Запорожского ѡбоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра Гεтманъ) - used by Danylo Apostol (1727-1734).
Hetman of Her Imperial Majesty's Little Russia on both sides of the Dnieper and (of) Zaporozhian Hosts (Old Ukrainian: Ея Императорскаго Величества Малой Россіи обоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра и войскъ Запорожскихъ Гεтманъ) - used by Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1750-1764).
Brief history
The position was established by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, took place in the Senior Council in Chyhyryn which, until 1669, served as the capital of the Hetmanate.
After the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654, several senior cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and, in 1663, they convened the Black Council of 1663 in Nizhyn which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669, the title hetman was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporozhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv where Mazepa was publicly executed in effigy and anathema was declared upon him by the Russian Orthodox Church.
By an edict of the Russian Governing Senate of 17 November 1764, the office was disestablished in the course of the expansion of Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.
List of hetmans
The list includes only hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks.
Notes
Some historians, including Mykola Arkas, question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing him of corruption. Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663. The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast, as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine). Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the Dnieper River. Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the Tsardom of Muscovy created the new Little Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.
Vouched for by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yurii Khmelnytsky was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.
Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the elections oh hetmans were discontinued and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress's favorites.
On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the Battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla war at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.