The Maldivian Democratic Party (Dhivehi: ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޑިމޮކްރެޓިކް ޕާޓީ, Dhivehi Rayyithunge Demokretik Paati; MDP) is a centre-right political party in the Maldives. It was the first political party to be formally registered in the Second Republic of the Maldives.
The party played a major role in the advent of democracy in the Maldives and the institution of political reforms that opened up the country. It won the first ever multi-party elections in the Maldives with a coalition of parties in the 2008 elections against the incumbent president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom who was up for re-election.
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History
Founding
There had not been political parties in the Maldives since 1952. The MDP initially submitted its registration on 24 February 2001. In 2001, the party's first president was Qasim Ibrahim. Although the Maldivian Constitution allows political parties to operate, the MDP's application was rebuffed. After the people fighting for their rights on the street and the death of Evan Naseem, MDP declared its existence in exile from Sri Lanka on 10 November 2003. Initially, it was formed by a group of 42 people, which included members of parliament, a former cabinet minister and leading businessmen, including Qasim Ibrahim and Ahmed Easa. Members on its first general council were elected on 13 February 2004. Although the MDP was not recognized by the Maldivian government, it began operating in Maldives on 30 April 2005.
On 2 June 2005, the members of the People's Majlis unanimously voted to legally recognize political parties. The MDP subsequently submitted its registration on 26 June 2005, becoming the first political party to be registered in the Second Republic of Maldives.
Throughout 2006, the opposition faced restrictions on freedom of assembly, and the government continued to arrest opposition activists. In March 2006, the government introduced a "Roadmap for Reform" and subsequently introduced several bills in parliament. In August 2007, voters decided via referendum that the Maldives' new constitution should provide for a presidential system of government (vice parliamentary). The special Majlis completed its work and the new constitution took effect in August 2008.
In accordance with the new constitution ratified by then-president Gayoom on 7 August 2008, the first round of presidential elections was held on 10 October 2008. Due to no single candidate receiving 50% of the vote, a second round was held on 29 October between President Gayoom and Mohamed Nasheed. Nasheed won with 54% of the vote.
Nasheed Presidency (2008–2012)
In October 2008, the MDP candidate Mohamed Nasheed defeated the incumbent president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom in the 2008 presidential election in the second round. He was able to form a multi-party coalition against Gayoom.
In the 2009 parliamentary elections, the party was not able to secure an outright majority. It won a plurality of the votes and secured 26 of 77 seats in parliament.
During Mohamed Nasheed's presidency, he advocated for climate action at international forums, established the universal healthcare scheme "Aasandha," and implemented market-oriented reforms, most notably the privatisation of the Male' International Airport. The airport was leased out to Indian conglomerate GMR and Malaysia Airport Holding and was heavily criticised by opposition parties over national security concerns.
Nasheed gained international renown in 2009 for holding an underwater cabinet meeting to highlight the threat of climate change to the country. However, his term was characterised by a gridlocked parliament and numerous political crises brought on by an economic recession, religious groups demanding more conservative policies, and a controversial arrest of a chief judge of the criminal court.In the midst of a political crisis in 2012 and weeks of unrest, he resigned in what is claimed to be a coup d’état. Nasheed has said that he was forced to resign at gunpoint by police and army officers.
In Opposition (2013–2017)
In 2013, the MDP's candidate Mohamed Nasheed narrowly lost to the PPM's candidate Abdulla Yameen in the 2013 presidential elections.
Solih Presidency (2018–2023)
In the 2018 presidential elections, the MDP's candidate Ibrahim Mohamed Solih defeated incumbent President Abdulla Yameen. He pledged to fight against widespread corruption and investigate the human rights abuses of the Yameen government.
In the April 2019 parliamentary election, the party won a historic landslide victory, and won 65 of 87 seats in parliament.
His government is credited for enacting a national minimum wage, the country's economic recovery from COVID-19 in 2021 and starting multiple infrastructure projects, most notably the Raajje Transport Link, the development of Gulhifalhu and the construction of the Thilamale' Bridge.
Solih's presidency is criticised for his controversial pardon of Ahmed Adeeb (a central figure in the MMPRC scandal), over-reliance on India and failing to deliver accountability in the Rilwan case, a core pledge in his election campaign.
In June 2022, Mohamed Nasheed announced that he would be challenging the incumbent president Ibrahim Mohamed Solih for the Maldivian Democratic Party's nomination for the 2024 presidential election. A political rift had arisen between the two leaders, which originally began with a disagreement on changing the Maldives' presidential system of governance to a parliamentary system, with Nasheed preferring the latter. Nasheed also accused the President of enacting policies contrary to the founding principles and ideology of the party. A faction of Nasheed's supporters had formed in parliament, with MPs voting against bills sent by the MDP government. He also alleged that the president had removed more than 39,000 of the party's early members from the membership rolls, stating that they were less likely to vote for him and that Solih was attempting to twist the primary election in his favor. Solih won the primary election with 61.10% of the vote.
On 17 May 2023, 12 members of Maldivian Democratic Party resigned from the party the and formed a new party called The Democrats. The twelve members defected from the MDP after the warnings of expulsions of four MDP MPs in their faction from the party as well as the expulsion of Central Henveiru MP Ali Azim (who was also a Nasheed loyalist). The faction on several occasions violated the party's whip line and launched a no-confidence motion against multiple government ministers in Ibrahim Mohamed Solih's cabinet.
In opposition (2023–present)
The party regained momentum in the 2026 local elections. MDP mayors were elected in all five cities and the party secured significant majorities in the city councils. However, factional tensions were reignited after Mohamed Nasheed was not permitted to give a speech at a celebration rally held in Malé. This triggered boycotts of the event from Nasheed and his supporters, which the president of the MDP Abdulla Shahid criticised as stoking division within the party.
MDP's Legal Director Ahmed Mauroof and MDP Deputy Chairperson Ibrahim Waheed was dismissed from their posts with no reason being specified. A petition was underway to take a no-confidence vote against interim chairperson Abdul Ghafoor Moosa. Later, Ibrahim Mohamed Solih announced that the internal disputes have been solved. Nasheed thanked Fayyaz Ismail for his efforts to solve it. Waheed, Mauroof were reinstated and the no confidence petition have been withdrawn.
The MDP National Council announced as part of a reform of the party to form a committee to advise the chairperson. The committee's members include Mohamed Nasheed, Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, Abdulla Shahid, Abdul Ghafoor Moosa, Ibrahim Nazil, Fayyaz Ismail.