National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Names

Over its history, the NAS Ukraine has had these five names.

History

Establishment of the Academy

The predecessors of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences were the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv, that due to various circumstances did not develop into a national academy, and the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lemberg (modern Lviv).

The initiative to create the institution came from the Ukrainian Science Society in April 1917, eight months before the beginning of the Soviet-Ukrainian War. The institution materialized during the time of the first Ukrainian State, when Mykola Vasylenko, at that time the Minister of Education and Arts, proposed the formation of a special commission. Led by Volodymyr Vernadskyi, an academic of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the commission produced a bill for creation of a Ukrainian Academy of Science in Kyiv, a National Library, a National Museum, and other scientific institutions. At the end of June 1918 the creation of the Academy was raised at the Ukrainian Science Society Extraordinary General Assembly. By 17 September, a bill for the creation of the Academy had been written, and the statute drafted. On 14 November, 1918, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was established in law. and also approved the UAS statute, the UAS staff and its institutions and the order of Ministry of National Education about appointing the first 12 full members (academicians) of the UAS.

According to its original statute, the Academy consisted of three research departments in history and philology (first department), physics and mathematics (second department), as well as social studies (third department). Its structural units became permanent commissions and institutes. There were planned 15 institutes, 14 permanent commissions, six museums, two offices, two laboratories, botanical and acclimatization gardens, astronomical observatory, biology station, printing house and national library. All publishing of academy was to be printed in the Ukrainian language. Its statute emphasized the all-Ukrainian nature: the members could be not only citizens of the Ukrainian State, but also the Ukrainian scientists of the West Ukraine (at that time citizens of Austria-Hungary). Foreigners could become academicians as well, but on the resolution of the 2/3 of the active members' composition.

The presidium of the newly created academy and its first academicians (three for each department) were appointed by the Ukrainian government, while the future members were expected to be elected by those academicians (as an active members). Among the first academicians were historians Dmytro Bahaliy and Orest Levytsky, economists Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovsky and Volodymyr Kosynsky, eastern studies Ahathanhel Krymsky and Nikolai Petrov, linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky, geologists Volodymyr Vernadsky and Pavlo Tutkovsky, biologist Mykola Kashchenko, mechanic Stepan Tymoshenko, law studies Fedir Taranovsky. For the post of the president of the Academy, the Hetman of Ukraine (head of state) Pavlo Skoropadsky invited Mykhailo Hrushevsky who at that time was the president of the Ukrainian Science Society and before World War I served as the president of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lemberg, neighboring Austria-Hungary. Hrushevsky declined the invitation, yet later (sometime after 1923) became a major figure in the Ukrainian Academy of Science (UAS) in Kyiv.

First years

During its first years the academy operated during the period of political instability and economical ruin (Ukrainian–Soviet War, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War). The leadership of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences sought its recognition by each new power and principally emphasizing on non-political background of the main science center. Despite the financial hardship, famine, arrests, and emigration of some of its members, the UAS has not only survived as an institution, but developed its structure and directions of research, began to prepare for publication its scientific works.

On 3 January 1919 the Direktoria of the Ukrainian People's Republic has adopted legislatively changes to the UAS statute, according to which there were made provisions concerning printing of works in Ukrainian and foreign languages (volume of publications in foreign language should not exceeded the 1/4 amount of the Ukrainian language), all the UAS officials had to freely possess the Ukrainian language, and full members upon their approval would swear in allegiance to the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Supreme power also has left after itself the right to approve the newly elected members at the UAS General Assembly.

Following the occupation of Kyiv by Bolshevik forces, on 11 February 1919 the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences received as its own property the mansion and former boarding house of countess Levashova. This happened on the order of People's Commissar of Education of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Volodymyr Zatonskyi. The next day, on 12 February 1919, an extraordinary UAS General Assembly took place, during which Ahatanhel Krymsky passed on the order of Zatonskyi immediately to start the work. Since the late 1920s, in the Soviet historiography that day was considered as the day of establishing the Academy of Sciences, instead of 14 November 1918 when Hetman Skoropadskyi signed the law on creation of the academy.

All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences

After several changes of power and withdrawal of the Denikin's forces in December 1919, the Bolsheviks permanently established themselves in Kyiv. With the second arrival of Bolsheviks Vernadsky resigned. Orest Levytsky was elected President of the Academy for the next couple of years. In 1921 Levytsky was replaced by newly elected Mykola Vasylenko, however he was not approved by the authorities and soon was replaced with Levytsky. Vasylenko himself was arrested in 1923 and convicted (later released on amnesty).

On June 14, 1921, the Council of People's Commissars of Ukrainian SSR adopted a decree "Resolution on the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences", according to which the Academy was recognized as the highest scientific state institution and subordinated to the Narkom of Education. The Academy was renamed from UAS to VUAN (Ukrainian: ВУАН) - All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences - underlining its importance for Ukrainian territories under Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and declaring its intentions to unite within one organization the scientific intelligentsia of all Ukrainian lands. The relationship between members of VUAN and the Soviet authorities soured, while the relationships with the Ukrainian scientists abroad had completely ceased. After historian Orest Levytsky, botanist Volodymyr Lypsky became president of the Academy. Between 1919 and 1930, 103 academicians were elected to the Academy. In 1924-25, the Academy held its first election for foreign members. However, none of the candidates were approved by the Narkom of Education.

Between 1927 and 1930, the takeover of the Academy by the Soviet authorities was completed. Mykhailo Hrushevsky had been candidate for the presidency, but by the end of 1927 Hrushevsky's candidacy was no longer supported by the authorities. He had been considered a counterweight to the "constitutional-democratic" faction led by Serhiy Yefremov and Ahatanhel Krymsky, but the three of them had actually agreed on opposing state interference. The authorities removed Yefremov and his supporters and dropped all support for Hrushevsky, who was arrested in 1931, taken to Moscow, and never returned to Ukraine. Danylo Zabolotny, a microbiologist, was instead put up as president of the Academy, followed by Oleksandr Bohomolets in 1930.

Repressions against the Academy reached their peak in 1933-1934 and were conducted under the leadership of Pavel Postyshev. Numerous academicians were imprisoned, exiled and deprived of their titles. According to Natalia Polonska-Vasylenko, during the 1930s over 250 members of the Academy became victims of persecution. Humanitarian sciences were hit especially hard. From that time on, technical sciences became the Academy's main focus point. In 1934 it was directly subordinated to the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Ukraine, and in 1936 was deprived of its national status and renamed into Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Second World War

After the Soviet annexation of Galicia and Volhynia, in 1940 the property of local branches of the Shevchenko Scientific Society was transferred to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. After the start of German-Soviet War in 1941 the Academy was evacuated from Kyiv to Ufa and then to Moscow.

The non-Soviet Ukrainian Academy of Sciences renewed its activities soon after the capture of Kyiv by German troops in 1941, electing its presidium and management. It organized weekly scientific lectures and seminars on various topics. Among the questions discussed by the academy under German occupation was the possible adoption of Latin alphabet for the Ukrainian language which, was to replace Cyrillic. However, the Academy failed to restore its activities due to opposition from German occupying authorities, which greatly damaged its funds.

Postwar years

The Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR returned to Kyiv in 1944. In 1946 it was headed by Oleksandr Palladin. According to a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in 1963 the Academy was subjected to the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and de facto turned into its filial. As a result of Russification, during the 1970s the majority of the academy's publications were issued in the Russian language.

Structure and administration

The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine according to its official status is a higher scientific self-governed organization of Ukraine and was founded on a state property. The self-government of the Academy is kept in independent determination of its research's thematic and forms of its organization and realization, formation of its organizational structure, solving own issues with administration of research, its financing, and professional cadres, fulfillment of its international scientific relations, free election and collegiality of its governing authority. The Academy brings together full members, corresponding members, and its foreign members, all scientists of its institutions, organizes and conducts fundamental and applied scientific research in the most important issues of natural, technical, social, and humanitarian sciences.

Administration

The highest body of self-government of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is its General Assembly (Ukrainian: Загальні збори, Zahalni zbory), which consists of full members (academicians) and corresponding members. Except for issues relating to election of full members, corresponding members and foreign members of the Academy, at the General Assembly sessions take part with the right of decisive vote scientists who were delegated by work collective of the Academy's scientific institutions and with the right of advisory vote foreign members, directors of the Academy's scientific institutions, and representatives of scientific community.

In period between the General Assembly sessions, the Academy's activities are administered (supervised) by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Presidium which is elected by the General Assembly to a term of five years. The NASU Presidium that was last elected in April 2015 consists of 32 persons including a president, five vice-presidents, Chief Scientific Secretary, 14 department secretaries-academicians, and 11 other members. In the Presidium's sessions take part with the right of advisory vote 5 acting Presidium members and 14 NASU Presidium advisers. The presidium meets in the former building of Countess Levashova that the Academy owns since its establishment in 1918. The presidium also directs operations of the Academy's publishing institutions as well as some selected science and other institutions among which are own exposition center, Grand Conference Hall, etc.

In the NASU function 3 sections with 14 departments within them. There also are 6 regional science centers in various regions of the country, which have dual subordination also to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. The basic elements of the NASU's structure are scientific research institutes and other scientific institutions such as observatories, botanic gardens, arboreta, nature preserves, libraries, museums, other. In 2006 the Academy accounted for 43,613 employees including 16,813 researchers; among them, 2,493 with degree of Doctor of Sciences and 7,996 with degree of Candidate of Sciences.

The NASU is responsible for over 90% of all discoveries made in Ukraine, including the transmutation of lithium into helium, the production of heavy water, and the development of a 3-D radar that operates in the decimeter range.

Sections

Section of Physical-Technical and Mathematical Sciences

Department of Mathematics

Department of Computer Science

Department of Mechanics

Department of Physics and Astronomy

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Physical and Technical Problems of Materials Science

Department of Physical and Technical Problems of Power Engineering

Department of Nuclear Physics and Power Engineering

Section of Chemical and Biological Sciences

Department of Chemistry

Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology

Department of General Biology

Section of Social Sciences and Humanities

Department of Economics

Department of History, Philosophy and Law

Department of Literature, Language and Art Studies

Regional centers

Regional science centers (SCs) are:

Donetsk SC (center in Donetsk, temporarily relocated to Kramatorsk) - 9 research institutes

Western SC (Lviv) - 18 institutes

Southern SC (Odesa) - 7 institutes

North-East SC (Kharkiv) led by Volodymyr Semynozhenko since 25.11.1992 - 17 institutes

Dnieper SC (Dnipro) - 7 institutes

Crimea SC (Simferopol) - 8 institutes (statute activities and financing is suspended since 2014)

Most institutions of the Academy (212) are placed in the city of Kyiv, following by Kharkiv (39) and Lviv (27). The Academy is represented at least by one institution in most of the oblasts in Ukraine, except Volyn, Rivne, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Vinnytsia, and Kirovohrad.

Scientific institutions of the NASU

There are two national libraries affiliated with the NASU:

V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine with 10 million books, manuscripts

V. Stefanyk National Library in Lviv

A. Pidhornyi Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems in Kharkiv

The department of General Biology includes a number of parks and nature reserves.

Trostianets dendro-park

Donetsk Botanic Garden

Danube Biosphere Preserve

Karadah Nature Preserve

Kryvyi Rih Botanic Garden

Luhansk Nature Preserve

M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden

Oleksandriya dendro-park

Sofiyivka dendro-park

Ukrainian Steppe Nature Preserve

Black Sea Biosphere Reserve

Publishers

Until 2024, the NASU had two publishing houses:

Naukova Dumka «Наукова думка» (roughly "Scientific Thought") from 1922 to 2024

Akademperiodyka «Академперіодика» (roughly "Academic Periodical"), since 2001, which took over all activities of Naukova Dumka in 2024

The NASU has made major contributions to most of the major fields of science.

Former (disbanded) institutions

Commission in research of the Soviet Law (1927–1934)

Cabinet of the Soviet Construction and Law (1930–1934)

Commission in research of the History of Western-Russian and Ukrainian Law (1919–1934)

Commission about the History of Common Law (1918–1934)

Demographic Institute (1918–1938)

Awards

Bogoliubov Prize

The Bogoliubov Prize is an award offered by the National Academy for scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics. The award is issued in the memory of theoretical physicist and mathematician Nikolay Bogoliubov. The award was founded in 1992.

2004 — Anton Naumovets

2002 — Leonid A. Pastur, for a cycle of works on research of the theory of a field and the theory of the disorder systems

2002 — Sergiy Peletminsky, for the set of works "Field theory and the theory of disordered systems".

1998 — A. V. Pogorelov, for a series of "Creation and support of advanced mathematical methods for solving problems in physics and mathematics"

1997 — Vasiliy S. Vladimirov

1996 — Vladimir A. Marchenko, for a series of "functional-algebraic methods in mathematical physics"

1993 — Oleksandr Sharkovsky, for a series of his works "The theory of scattering of quantum systems and one-dimensional dynamical systems".

1992 — Yurii Mitropolskiy, for a series of his works "Method of averaging and its applications to mathematical and theoretical physics".

Vernadsky Gold Medal

The Academy has awarded its Vernadsky Gold Medal annually since 2004 to the most distinguished academicians.

2003 Borys Paton

2004 Platon Kostiuk and Szilveszter E. Vizi

2005 Viktor Skopenko and Nikolai Plate

2006 Yurii Mitropolskiy and Yury Osipov

2007 Myroslav Popovych and Georges Nivat

2008 Viktor Baryakhtar and Vladimir Kadyshevsky

2009 Volodymyr Marchenko and Jean Bourgain

2010 Mikhail Lisitsa and Manuel Cardona

2011 Borys Oliynyk and Blaže Ristovski

2012 Mykola Bahrov and Nikolai Laverov

2013 Oleksandr Huz and Herbert Mang

2014 Vadym Loktev and Alexei Abrikosov

2015 Anthony Turner and Ganna V. Elska

2016 Valeriy Skorokhod and Giorgi Tavadze

2017 Volodymyr Morgun and George Fedak

2018 Oleksiy Onyschenko and Michael Moser

2019 Lukyan Anatychuk and Juri Grin

2020 Anton Naumovets and Anton Zeilinger

2021