Umar ibn Al-Khattāb

{{Infobox royalty | name = ‘Umarعُمَر | title = | succession = 2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate | reign = 23 August 634 – 3 November 644 | image = 20131203 Istanbul 118.jpg | caption = Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia | predecessor = Abu Bakr | successor = Uthman | birth_date = | birth_place = Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia | death_date = (Dhu al-Hijjah 23 or Muharram 24 AH) | death_place = Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate | burial_place = Prophet's Mosque, Medina | spouse = | issue = | issue-link = Family tree of Umar#Descendants | issue-pipe = (among others) | house = Quraysh (Banu Adi) | house-type = Tribe | father = Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl | mother = Hantamah bint Hisham | religion = Islam | module = {{Infobox Arabic name |embed=yes |ism=ʿUmar |nasab=ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Kaʿab ibn Luʿayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik |kunya= Abul Hafs |laqab= Al-Fārūq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)")}} | signature = Signature Believed To Be Of ʿUmar B. Al-Khaṭṭāb.png }} ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (, also spelled Omar, ) was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Fārūq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). The title Amir al-Mu'minin was held by Umar ibn Khattab who was also the first one to be given this title. Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title al-Fārūq upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor. Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.