Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (30 March [O.S. 20 March] 1639 – 2 October [O.S. 21 September] 1709) was a Ukrainian military, political and civic leader who served as hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate in 1687–1709. His long and stable rule was marked by economical and political recovery from the Ruin. A loyal subject of Russia during most of his rule, Mazepa's close relationship with Tsar Peter I deteriorated as a result of the latter's administrative reforms, which increasingly deprived Mazepa and the Hetmanate of their autonomy. In 1708, Mazepa abandoned his alliance with Peter I and sided with Charles XII of Sweden after the Tsar refused to protect the Hetmanate against the advancing Swedes, instead ordering that much of Ukraine be burned to prevent the Swedes from gaining access to supplies and winter quarters.
After the Swedes were defeated at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Mazepa went into exile in Moldavia and died there later that year. The political consequences and interpretation of his defection have resonated in the national histories of both Ukraine and Russia. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works, and the hetman himself was famous as a patron of the arts.
The Russian Orthodox Church pronounced an anathema (or the highest form of excommunication) on Mazepa's name in 1708 and has maintained it ever since. The anathema was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which considers it uncanonical and imposed with "political motives as a means of political and ideological repression, with no religious, theological or canonical reasons". Pro-independence and anti-Russian elements in Ukraine from the 18th century onwards were derogatorily referred to as Mazepintsy (Russian: Мазепинцы, lit. 'Mazepists'). The alienation of Mazepa from Ukrainian historiography continued during the Soviet period, but post-1991 in independent Ukraine Mazepa's image has been gradually rehabilitated.
Contents
Early life
Birth and ancestry
Mazepa was born on 30 March [O.S. 20 March] 1639 in the village of Mazepyntsi, near Bila Tserkva, then part of the Kiev Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, into the noble Mazepa family. His father, Stepan Adam Mazepa-Kaledynsky (Polish: Kołodyński), was the town otaman of Bila Tserkva during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, while his mother, Maryna Mokiievska, was also of Cossack blood. Maryna later became the hegumene of the Pechersk Ascension Monastery in Kyiv after the death of her husband and was then known by her monastic name, Mariia Mahdalena; the couple also had a younger daughter, Oleksandra.
Throughout his life Mazepa used the Kurcz coat of arms, likely inherited from the Bulyha-Kurcewicz family, whose members had served as starosts of Bila Tserkva between 1578–1618. In 1707, Mazepa's coat of arms was confirmed by Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, who awarded the hetman with the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
In Polish service
In 1657, Stepan Mazepa became involved with Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, who pursued a pro-Polish policy. In 1659, he travelled to Warsaw to attend the sejm and placed his son Ivan in service at the royal court of John II Casimir Vasa. Before that, Ivan Mazepa studied at the Kyiv Mohyla Collegium in Kyiv graduated with a degree in rhetoric. According to Samiilo Velychko, Ivan was to complete his philosophy course at the Jesuit college in Warsaw.
According to late tradition, King John Casimir sent Ivan Mazepa to study "gunnery" in Deventer (Dutch Republic) in 1656–1659, during which time he travelled across Western Europe. From 1659 the Polish king was sending him on numerous diplomatic missions to Ukraine. His service at the Polish royal court earned him a reputation as an alleged catholicized liakh (a more offensive word for a Pole) – later the Russian Imperial government would effectively use this slur to discredit Mazepa.
During one of his missions, Mazepa met Jan Chryzostom Pasek, whom he took to be a supporter of the anti-royal confederation. He led to Pasek's arrest and had him brought before the king, who was staying in Grodno at the time. According to Pasek's account, he managed to prove his innocence, the king rewarded him for the harm he suffered and Mazepa lost the royal trust. Further on in his memoirs, Pasek recounts the story of under what circumstances Mazepa left Poland in 1663. According to Pasek, Mazepa had an affair with Mrs. Falbowska, wife of his neighbour in Volhynia. When the neighbour discovered the affair, he tied Mazepa naked to a horse, head to tail, and fastened the horse. The horse carried Mazepa to his household, but he was so badly wounded that his own subjects were unable to recognize him. Pasek's memoirs were written in 1690–1695, when Mazepa was already a Cossack hetman; it is possible that Pasek, who had a personal grudge against Mazepa, colored the story. However, this anecdote also appears in the anonymous Memoirs to the Reign of Augustus II and in the memoirs of Marquis de Bonnac. The story was later recounted by Voltaire in his Histoire de Charles XII and became a recurring motif in the literary works of such writers as Victor Hugo, Lord Byron, Alexander Pushkin or Juliusz Słowacki, as well as in the paintings of such painters as Horace Vernet, Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Chassériau, Théodore Géricault and others. The tale was probably widespread by then and referred to Mazepa's reputation as a womanizer.
Despite Pasek's accounts, Mazepa still remained in royal service. In February 1663 he was sent to the Cossack Hetman Pavlo Teteria, to whom he brought the Hetman's mace, presented to Teteria by Tomasz Jan Karczewski. Mazepa then took part in a royal campaign against Russia in left-bank Ukraine in years 1663–1664. Mazepa was certainly still at the royal court in 1665, probably until the abdication of John II Casimir in 1668.
Under Hetman Doroshenko
After the death of his father (ca. 1665), Mazepa inherited the title of the Chernihiv cupbearer. From 1669 to 1673 he served under Petro Doroshenko, hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine from 1665 to 1672, as a squadron commander in the Hetman Guard. In this role he participated in Doroshenko's 1672 campaign in Halychyna, and was a chancellor on diplomatic missions to Poland, Crimea, and the Ottoman Empire. In the course of one of such missions, in 1674 Mazepa was captured on his way to Crimea by the Kosh Otaman Ivan Sirko, and during the following seven years served as a "courtier" of Doroshenko's rival, hetman Ivan Samoylovych. From 1677 to 1678 Mazepa participated in the Chyhyryn campaigns, during which Yuri Khmelnytsky, with the support from the Ottoman Empire, tried to regain power in Ukraine. The young, educated Mazepa quickly rose through the Cossack ranks, being promoted to army osaul in 1681, which brought him close to the elite (starshyna) of Cossack military leadership.
Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host
Early rule
In 1687 Mazepa accused Samoylovych of conspiring to secede from Russia, secured his ouster, and was elected hetman of Left-bank Ukraine in Kolomak, with the support of Vasily Galitzine. Following his confirmation, the new hetman signed the Kolomak Articles, which were based on the Hlukhiv Articles of Demian Mnohohrishny. In 1689 Mazepa supported the deposition of Tsarevna Sophia, who had served as de facto regent of Tsar Peter I. This helped him ingratiate himself with the monarch, who valued the wide experience and education of the much older hetman. In words of a Russian historian, Mazepa "was like a father to Peter I in a sense".
As hetman, Mazepa used his knowledge in military matters to introduce a new successful strategy in the fight against the Tatars and their Ottoman overlords. This success relieved both Ukraine and Muscovy from the danger of devastating enemy raids and led Peter I to award the hetman with the Order of St. Andrew, the Tsardom's highest honour. The order, as well as the title of honourable prince of the Holy Roman Empire, awarded to the hetman by Emperor Joseph I in 1707 as recognition of his help in the fight against the Ottomans and Tatars, greatly contributed to Mazepa's status both in Ukraine and at the Moscow court.
With the personal agreement of Peter I, Mazepa managed to become an undisputed ruler of the Hetmanate, concentrating most power over Ukraine, including gathering of taxes, in hands of his own administration. As hetman, Mazepa became known as a patron of culture and arts. A multitude of churches were built all over Ukraine during his reign in the Ukrainian Baroque style. He founded schools and printing houses, and expanded the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time. In many regards Mazepa greatly contributed to the establishment of the Russian Empire by supporting the policies of Peter I and providing the monarch with people needed to bring his reformist ideas into life. For example, the majority of religious figures who helped Peter I to reform the Russian Orthodox Church by bringing it under increased state control came from the Hetmanate, including Orthodox bishops Stefan Yavorsky and Theophan Prokopovich.
Himself a highly educated person who could speak both Latin and German, Mazepa established his court in a Western manner, reflecting the influence of Baroque art and literature on Ukrainian lands during that period. Mazepa's personal residence was reported to house one of the most extensive libraries of its time, containing numerous books and illuminated manuscripts from around Europe.
Great Northern War
In 1700, as the Russian Empire entered the Great Northern War against the Swedish Empire, Mazepa, despite having concerns about the Tsar's adventurous foreign policies, supported Peter I with troops and resources. In 1702, the Cossacks of Right-bank Ukraine, under the leadership of colonel Semen Paliy, began an uprising against Poland, which after early successes was defeated. Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar Peter I to allow him to intervene, which he successfully did, taking over major portions of Right-bank Ukraine, while Poland was weakened by an invasion of Swedish king Charles XII. In 1704 Peter I allowed the hetman to incorporate the Right-bank territories into the Hetmanate, uniting Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper for the first time in decades.
At the same time, Peter I decided to reform the Russian army and to centralize control over his realm. In Mazepa's opinion, the strengthening of Russia's central power could put at risk the broad autonomy granted to the Cossack Hetmanate under the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654. Attempts to assert control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks included demands of having them fight in any of the tsar's wars, instead of only defending their own land against regional enemies as was agreed to in previous treaties. Now Cossack forces were made to fight in distant wars in Livonia and Lithuania, leaving their own homes unprotected from the Tatars and Poles. Ill-equipped and not properly trained to fight on par with the tactics of modern European armies, Cossacks suffered heavy losses and low morale. The Hetman himself started to feel his post threatened in the face of increasing calls to replace him with one of the abundant generals of the Russian army.
In this respect, the provision of a princely title to the hetman by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1707, which likely took place at the request of Peter I, can be interpreted as a conciliatory prize to Mazepa before his removal from hetmanship. In April of the same year, at a military council in Zhovkva, Peter openly declared his intent to transform the Zaporozhian Host into a regular army, eliminating the elected status of Cossack starshyna. Mazepa was well-informed about Peter's diplomatic efforts, in which Ukraine played the role of a mere object of talks. An especially worrying concern for the hetman were the tsar's negotiations with Poland, whose government still issued claims on Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv due to the Sejm's refusal to ratify the Eternal Peace of 1686. In 1704, during talks in Narva, the Polish side demanded to provide its magnates right to colonize Ukrainian lands. Additionally, in 1707 Peter's government contacted John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, seeking his moderation in the war against Sweden, and promising him "any land", including Kyiv, in exchange.
Exile and death
Following the defeat of the Swedes at Poltava, as Charles did not allow Mazepa's forces to participate in the battle, Mazepa retreated along with the Swedish king and a handful of supporters into the city of Bendery in the Ottoman Empire. He died on 2 October [O.S. 21 September] 1709 of stroke, as a complication of his gout. Mazepa was initially interred in the village of Varnița, and later reburied in Galați (now Romania), but his tomb was disturbed several times and eventually lost as a result of the Sfântul Gheorghe (St. George) Church demolition in 1962.
Appearance
Contemporary description from 1704 described Mazepa as having bright eyes, thin fair hands ("like those of a woman") and a sturdy body. The hetman's face was said to be far from beautiful, but he still produced an image of elegance to those who met him, and was reputed to be a good horserider.
A large variety of contemporary portraits of Mazepa were produced at the height of the Ukrainian cultural renaissance, during which Ukrainian Baroque flourished under Mazepa's patronage. However, following his defection to Sweden, Russian authorities sought to erase the memory of the late hetman: his crest was removed from churches he had built, his name blacked out in books, while his portraits were destroyed or painted over. As a result of old material largely being lost, new portraits of the Mazepa often vary significantly; a portrait by the influential Norblin, long thought to be of Mazepa, in fact depicts a Jewish leaseholder, not the hetman.
An engraving by the German Martin Bernigerot for the European Fama (German: Die Europäische Fama) periodical, first appearing in print in 1706 and then again in 1708 and 1712, is one of the most accurate surviving portraits of Mazepa and is used in this article. It is based on actual contemporary sketches or preliminary portraits made by the German adviser to the Tsar Heinrich von Huyssen, rather than verbal description of the hetman's appearance. Huyssen transferred these sketches to Bernigerot for engraving, where the finished products survived Tsarist censorship.
Personal life
Personality
According to the memoirs of his secretary and close ally Pylyp Orlyk, Mazepa had a great talent for attracting people. His good education and manners, as well as knowledge of numerous languages, among them Polish, Russian, Latin, Italian, German, Tatar and Turkish (besides his native Old Ukrainian) made him a popular companion in conversation and an invaluable intelligence asset. In particular, his excellent knowledge of Latin, at a time when there were said to only be four Latin speakers in Muscovy, earned the powerful Prince Golitsyn's attention. Mazepa was, however, described by the French ambassador as being one who "belongs to those people that prefer either to
keep quiet or speak and not to say anything."
Mazepa was noted for being deeply proud of his own intellectual abilities, while being disdainful of those he who found to have inferior intelligence. The Russian historian Vladimir Artamonov writes that, "It is indisputable that Mazepa possessed an intellect, diplomatic abilities, and a broad political outlook."
Romantic relationships
According to the classical interpretation based the historian Mykola Kostomarov's work, in 1668 Mazepa married one Anna (Hanna), the daughter of Bila Tserkva colonel Semen Polovets and widow of his successor Samuil Frydrykiewicz. That marriage allowed Mazepa to enter the circles of Right-bank Cossack starshyna, contributing to his career rise. Hanna died in 1702.
The above interpretation is increasingly challenged by modern scholarship, as in 2015, a 118 page long manuscript on Mount Athos was discovered which contains a wealth of information about the patrons of the Zograf Monastery from Ukraine and Russia. The names of patrons and their families were recorded from 1639 to the late eighteenth century. Multiple prominent Cossack officers are listed there, including Ivan Samoylovych, Danylo Apostol, Pavlo Polubotok and others, as well as the name of Ivan Mazepa and 19 members of his family (which is the most complete record of the hetman's family yet discovered). Immediately after Ivan, a certain Maria is listed while a Hanna is nowhere to be found, suggesting that Maria was the wife of Mazepa, as the entries for other patrons name the wife in the second place as well. This theory is partially supported by the common usage of Maria instead of Motrona or Motria when referring to the much younger love interest of Mazepa, Motria Kochubey, as by Alexander Pushkin in his Poltava poem: the true name of Mazepa's wife may have been preserved in folklore, but then mistakenly merged with the name of Motria Kochubey over time. Thus, Hanna Frydrykevych may not have been the wife of Mazepa. Whatever the true name or identity of Mazepa's wife was, she died in 1702.
In 1704, at the age of 65, Mazepa started courting the much younger Motria Kochubey, daughter of chief judge Vasyl Kochubey. No reliable records detailing Motria's age have been preserved: Yaroslav Tynchenko suggests she was 16, while Pavlenko states she was 18-22 years old in 1704. Motria's parents strictly opposed the possibility of their marriage, as the hetman was her godparent, and such a union would be prohibited according to church law. However, Motria disobeyed, and in the same year fled her parents' house to live with Mazepa. Fearing a scandal which could lead to his own anathema, the hetman sent Motria back, but the couple continued their contacts in correspondence. In total, twelve love letters written by Mazepa to Motria have been preserved. Kochubey eventually married his daughter to a member of Cossack starshyna called Chuikevych.
Mazepa's affair with Kochubey's daughter led to a conflict between the two men. In 1707 Kochubey accused Mazepa of treason in a letter to Peter I, but the following investigation blamed the denouncer himself due to being bribed by the hetman. After numerous tortures, in July 1708 Kochubey and another accuser of Mazepa, Poltava colonel Ivan Iskra, were delivered to the hetman's military camp and beheaded (following Mazepa's desertion both would be posthumously rehabilitated and reburied in Kyiv Pechersk Lavra). Motria herself was exiled to Siberia together with her husband, and upon her return would become a nun.
Ethnic identity
The term and concept of a fatherland (Ukrainian: отчизна, romanized: otchyzna) was an important feature of late seventeenth and early eighteenth century political discourse in both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the territory of modern Ukraine. Before Khmelnytsky's uprising, Poland or the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were most commonly referred to as the fatherlands of their inhabitants, and Polonised Ruthenian noblemen such as Jeremi Wiśniowiecki or the Czartoryskis were described as sons of Poland or Lithuania, not of the Rus' or Ukraine.
After the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate and break from Poland, the slow transferral of the fatherland away from Poland or the Commonwealth began. While pro-Polish hetmans continued to refer to Poland as a "common fatherland" with the Poles, by the 1660s, Cossack Ukraine was increasingly seen as the fatherland of its inhabitants. Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky of Left-bank Ukraine became one of the first to introduce this new idea of a Ukrainian fatherland into common political use (though his main rival, Hetman Pavlo Teteria of Right-bank Ukraine still called Poland a "common mother" of the Cossack Hetmanate). Notably, Bohdan Khmelnytsky himself was oft called the "father of the fatherland", clearly demonstrating that Ukraine primarily referred to the territory of the Cossack Hetmanate. While Ukraine became widely recognised as the fatherland by many, among them the hetmans Petro Doroshenko and Mykhailo Khanenko, the Rus' or Ruthenia was also sometimes called the fatherland, rather than Ukraine.
Mazepa himself was no exception to this new trend. By the turn of the 1700s, his circulars often spoke of a distinct "Little Russian fatherland", while he himself was sometimes also called the "father of the fatherland" (that is, the Hetmanate). After Mazepa's defection to the Swedes in 1708, however, Peter I — who had not frequently used the term before — positioned himself as champion and defender of "Little Russia", while labelling Mazepa a traitor who wished to restore Polish subjugation.
Now locked in an ideological battle with Peter I, Mazepa called upon Ivan Skoropadsky to attack the "Muscovite" troops as a "true son of the fatherland"; in explaining his reasons for siding with the Swedes, he stated that he was acting for the welfare of "the common welfare of my father-land, poor unfortunate Ukraine". A significant innovation of Mazepa was framing the war against Russia as a battle between two wholly separate nations: the Little Russians (Ukrainians) and Great Russians (Muscovites).
Title and style
Mazepa's styles and titles as hetman are contained in his acts and treaties in following variations:
Authentic sources
Hetman of [Zaporozhian Host on/of] both sides of the Dnieper (гетманъ обойхъ сторонъ Днепра; Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского (c) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра гетман(ъ)) - first mentioned in a pledge made by the newly elected hetman under the terms of Kolomak Treaty of 1687, signifying his claims to both Left- and Right-bank Ukraine; also present in latter documents.
Hetman with Their Illustrious Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host (гетманъ з Войскомъ их царского пресвѣтлого величества Запоро(з/жс)ким(ъ)) or Hetman of Their [Most Illustrious and Sovereign Lords'] Illustrious Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host ([Пресвѣтлѣйшихъ и державнѣйшихъ великихъ государей] ихъ царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запорозского гетманъ) - used by Mazepa under the joint rule of Peter I and Ivan V (1687–1696).
Hetman of His [Most Illustrious and Sovereign Lord's] Illustrious Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host ([Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя] его царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запороз(с/жс)кого гетманъ) - under one-person rule of Peter I (after 1696).
Hetman of His [Illustrious and Most Sovereign Lord's] Illustrious Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host and Knight [of the Glorious Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew] ([Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя] его царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запорожского гетманъ и [славного чина святого апостола Андрея] кавалер(ъ)) - after being awarded with the Order of St. Andrew in 1704.
Hetman of His Illustrious and Most Sovereign Lord's (and) Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Hosts and Knight of the Glorious Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew and White Eagle (Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя его царского величества Войскъ Запорожскихъ гетманъ и славного чина святого апостола Андрея и Бѣлого Орла кавалер(ъ)) - after being awarded with the Order of the White Eagle and attaching Right-bank Ukraine to the Hetmanate in 1705.
Dubious sources
Prince of Ukraine (князь України) - supposedly contained in the 1708 treaty between Charles XII and the Cossack Hetmanate as claimed in a 1925 article by Ilko Borshchak.
Legacy
Political legacy
Mazepa's decision to abandon his allegiance to the Russian Empire was considered treason by the Russian Tsar and a violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav. However, others argue that it was Imperial Russia who broke the treaty by not even trying to protect the Cossack homeland during busy fighting abroad, while Ukrainian peasants were complaining about the conduct of local Muscovite troops. Many Cossacks had died while building Saint Petersburg, and the Tsar planned to deploy Cossack troops far from their homeland.
According to Russian historian Tatiana Tairova-Yakovleva, Mazepa had little chance of remaining in power if he had not risen up against Peter I, as the tsar's imperial ambitions envisioned the destruction of Ukrainian Cossack autonomy. In the aftermath of the Battle of Poltava, the Hetmanate was deprived of much of its independence, although it formally remained an autonomous entity. Its final demise took place in 1764, under the rule of Catherine the Great, who transformed the territory formerly ruled by hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks into the Little Russia Governorate.
The French historian Claude Nordmann argues that Mazepa's decision to side with Charles XII ultimately doomed Ukraine by weakening its autonomy and further solidifying Russia's control.
The image of Mazepa as a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history. The Russian Orthodox Church anathemaised and excommunicated Mazepa for political reasons. Until 1869, his name was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches during the Feast of Orthodoxy service, along with Pugachev, Razin and False Dmitry I. The term Mazepintsi came to be used in Russia and the Soviet Union as a reference for people promoting disloyalty to authorities and separatism.
Historians of the Russian imperial era, including Dmitri Bantysh-Kamensky, Sergey Solovyov and Vasily Klyuchevsky considered Mazepa to be a traitor for his alliance with Charles XII of Sweden. However, some Russian historians of émigré background later changed that view, seeing Mazepa's decision as justified by the wish to preserve his country's autonomy.
A positive view of Mazepa was taboo in the Soviet Union and considered as a sign of "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism". In the 1971 Soviet Encyclopedia on the History of Ukraine Mazepa was characterized as a "traitor of the Ukrainian people", and the 1979 History of the Ukrainian SSR referred to his name as a "symbol of treachery and betrayal". During the years of Perestroika, however, many historical works saw light that viewed Mazepa differently.
Cultural legacy
In an addition to being a politician and statesman, Mazepa is also known to have created works of literature. Writings attributed to Mazepa are his letters to Motria, the daughter of Vasyl Kochubey, as well as a short verse in a mix of Old Ukrainian and Polish signed with the hetman's name, which was reportedly found in a prayer book stored at a monastery near Putyvl in 1770. Additionally, the text of the Duma (poem) (also known by its first words, "Everyone desires peace"), a popular Ukrainian folk song, is traditionally ascribed to Mazepa, although it is doubtful that its present form could have been composed by the hetman. According to Oleksander Ohloblyn, the poem was created circa 1698 and preserved in the notes from the 1708 trial of Vasyl Kochubey, who used it to prove his accusation of treason against the hetman. The author of the "Duma" laments the state of Ukrainian lands during the Ruin, which led to the country's division between Poland, Moscow and the Ottomans, and calls on his compatriots to unite and fight against common enemies, and represents an important document of Ukrainian political thought of that era.
The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary and musical works:
Lord Byron – Mazeppa, poem (1818)
Alexander Pushkin – Poltava, poem (1828–1829)
Victor Hugo – Mazeppa, poem (1829)
Juliusz Słowacki – Mazeppa, drama (1840)
Franz Liszt – Mazeppa, symphonic poem (1851); Transcendental Étude No. 4.
Marie Grandval – Mazeppa, opera (1892)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Mazeppa, opera (1881–1883)
Michael William Balfe – The Page, cantata (1861)
Taras Shevchenko
Kondraty Ryleyev
