The U.S. national debt officially crossed $40 trillion Wednesday as soaring deficits, rising interest costs and bond market turmoil added to investors’ anxieties about the federal government’s fiscal crisis.
The milestone was reached on the same day that Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent moved to support the long-term Treasury market, doubling the size of government buybacks after yields surged to their highest levels in years, according to Reuters. The move underscored the growing pressure facing Washington as it tried to finance a $40 trillion debt burden while persistent deficits, rising interest costs and entitlement obligations continued to push federal borrowing higher.
The Treasury Department said it would increase buybacks of 10- to 30-year Treasury securities to at least $4 billion per operation, up from $2 billion, after the 30-year Treasury yield climbed to 5.34%, its highest level since 2007. The announcement initially pushed long-term yields lower, but the relief was short-lived as yields rebounded Thursday, underscoring the difficulty of addressing broader concerns about government borrowing through market intervention alone.
Publicly held debt stood at $32.266 trillion Tuesday, according to Treasury data, while publicly held debt was approaching levels last seen during World War II, according to the Journal.
Federal deficits remained around 6% of GDP in recent years, a level typically reached only during wars or recessions. The Congressional Budget Office projected debt held by the public would reach roughly 120% of GDP within a decade and 175% within 30 years.
Much of the federal budget is committed to programs such as Social Security and Medicare, while interest payments on the debt are consuming an increasingly larger share of federal funding.
The federal government collected $334 billion in revenue while spending $766 billion in July, producing a $432 billion monthly deficit, according to Treasury figures. Roughly $99 billion of that spending reflected calendar quirks that shifted August benefit payments into July, but the underlying budget trajectory remained unbalanced. Net interest payments alone cost the federal government $91 billion in July.
The federal budget was heading toward a potential fiscal crisis around 2030, driven largely by automatic spending obligations and an aging population.
According to S&P Global, seniors were projected to account for roughly one-in-five Americans around 2030, up from about one-in-eight in 2008. At the same time, the ratio of working-age adults to seniors fell from six-to-one in 1952 to roughly 2.7-to-1.
That demographic shift creates a mathematical problem for programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
Social Security has had annual cash deficits since 2010, while its primary trust fund is projected to become insolvent by 2032. Trust-fund depletion would not mean the program disappears, but under current law, it would trigger an across-the-board reduction in benefits of roughly 24%.
Medicare faces a similarly difficult outlook. Rising health care costs and an aging population account for much of the federal government’s projected long-term shortfall, while the Congressional Research Service projected the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund could become insolvent as early as 2033.
Those pressures are compounded by the fact that the government’s fiscal projections assume relatively favorable conditions. A recession, major conflict or other economic shock could increase federal borrowing from an already elevated baseline.
Wars have added to the burden as well. A 2021 Brown University study estimated that the post-9/11 wars cost the U.S. roughly $8 trillion. More recently, spending tied to the Iran war was expected to increase defense costs, with a $1.15 trillion defense bill passing the House in July.
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