97 Million Workers Face Prolonged-Standing Strain

NIOSH estimates from a 2015 national survey identified roughly 97 million working adults whose jobs involved frequent standing or walking. Federal data show waiters and waitresses spent an average of 98.6% of their workday standing in 2025. A NIOSH review found reports of low-back pain, muscle pain, leg swelling, tiredness and physical fatigue from prolonged standing. OSHA identifies continuously standing in one place as a cause of muscle fatigue and notes that standing in one spot reduces leg-muscle activity that helps pump blood. NIOSH says there is no universal eight-hour threshold for harm and calls for clearer definitions of prolonged standing. It also identifies force, repetition and working posture as overlapping musculoskeletal risk factors. A 2021 U.S. study of 16,974 adults found higher odds of reported cardiovascular disease among those whose jobs always involved standing or walking but could not establish cause and effect. A review of 23 studies found no statistically significant association between occupational activity and overall cardiovascular mortality. NIOSH in 2024 discussed a potential physical activity paradox contrasting recreational activity benefits with occupational activity outcomes. OSHA recommends adjustable workstations. NIOSH recommends frequent brief breaks during demanding work. CONTESTED: none found in record.