Shackleton Rescues All 27 Men of the Endurance

The oars dipped once more and the James Caird slid clear of the shingle. Six men bent to the work while the rest of us stood in the wind on the narrow beach, counting strokes without speaking. Shackleton raised one hand from the stern. Wild answered with a short wave. The boat took the first swell and dropped from sight, then rose again, smaller already.

We turned to the upturned boats that formed our hut. The canvas walls flapped against the frames we had lashed from oars and sledge runners. Inside, the blubber stove gave off more smoke than heat. McIlroy checked the frostbite on his fingers by the light of a seal-oil lamp. I stacked the last of the penguin skins against the wall and counted them again. Twenty-two men, six weeks of food if the weather held.

Wild set the watches the same day the boat left. Two hours on the ridge, two hours mending, two hours trying to sleep. The ridge gave the only view of open water. From there the pack ice showed as a white line that never moved closer. Some nights the wind carried the sound of the sea breaking on distant bergs. We listened and said nothing.

April gave way to May without a ship. The sun stayed low and the snow drifted higher against the boats. Wild kept the men at small tasks. Hurley developed plates in the dark corner of the shelter and passed them around so we could see our own faces. The prints showed hollow cheeks and eyes that had already begun to look past one another.

June brought the first real storm. The canvas tore in three places. We patched it with strips cut from an old sail and weighted the edges with stones. Inside, the temperature stayed just above freezing when the stove burned. When it went out, ice formed on the inside of the walls. We ate the meat raw then and slept in our clothes.

Wild read the same page from the Bible each Sunday. The words did not change. Neither did the horizon. Twice we thought we saw smoke. Both times the line on the water proved to be only mist. The men who had cheered the first time did not cheer the second.

By July the stores were down to biscuit and the occasional seal. We hunted when the ice opened enough to reach the water. One afternoon a leopard seal came close to the beach. Orde-Lees shot it cleanly. We dragged the carcass above the tide line and worked by lamplight until the meat was cut and the blubber rendered. The oil lasted three days in the lamps.

August arrived with longer light but no ship. The ice began to loosen. We could see leads of dark water from the ridge. Wild ordered the boats made ready again, though no one said where we would go. The work kept hands busy. At night the wind still carried the same sound of distant surf.

On the thirtieth the lookout called down from the ridge at midday. A steamer stood off the point, hull black against the ice. We climbed the slope in single file. The ship flew no flag we recognized at first. Then the hull turned and we saw the name on the stern. Yelcho. The men on deck waved. One figure stood apart at the rail.

Shackleton came ashore in the first boat. He stepped onto the stones without speaking. Wild met him halfway. They shook hands once. Behind them the other men from the boat fanned out along the beach, carrying lines and empty sacks. No one shouted. The only sound was the surf and the scrape of the hull against the shingle.

We carried what little we owned down to the water. The cases of exposed film, the logbooks, the remaining skins. Shackleton stood by the boat and counted each man aboard. When the last load was stowed he turned once toward the empty camp. The boats lay where we had left them, already half buried in new snow.

The Yelcho raised steam at dusk. The island fell astern in the failing light, a low line of rock and ice that grew smaller with each turn of the screw. No one on deck spoke until it was gone. Then the men went below in ones and twos. The engine beat changed pitch as the ship settled on its course for the north.

The Yelcho reached Punta Arenas on the morning of 3 September 1916 after four days at sea. Captain Luis Pardo, who had navigated through the ice fields without a single collision, brought the vessel alongside the municipal pier where a crowd of several hundred waited. Shackleton stepped ashore first and telegraphed the Admiralty with the message that all hands from the Endurance had been accounted for. The men received new clothing from the local British community and sat down to their first hot meal in months at the Hotel Royal, where the menu listed roast beef and potatoes at two pesos per plate. Frank Wild counted the twenty-two survivors once more before they boarded the train for the journey north, noting that McIlroy’s frostbitten fingers required daily dressings supplied by the Chilean naval surgeon. On 12 September the entire party sailed for Montevideo aboard the steamer Orcoma, where Hurley developed the final plates from the eighteen months of negatives and printed them in the ship’s darkroom using fresh chemicals purchased at the port. The prints recorded the exact dimensions of the upturned boats on Elephant Island, each frame annotated with exposure times of one-twenty-fifth of a second at f/8.

Shackleton arrived in Liverpool on 7 May 1917 after crossing the Atlantic on the Highland Loch and immediately submitted his official report to the Royal Geographical Society, stating that the Endurance had been crushed at 69 degrees 30 minutes south on 21 November 1915. He addressed the society’s meeting at Burlington House on 5 June, reading from the log that the James Caird had covered 800 miles in seventeen days with a maximum daily run of 82 miles on 9 May 1916. The audience included Sir Clements Markham, who recorded in his diary that Shackleton described the rescue with the exact phrase “not a life lost.” Within a week Shackleton accepted a commission as major in the 1st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, and departed for Murmansk on 16 October 1917, leaving Wild in charge of the remaining expedition accounts at the London office on Regent Street.

After the Armistice Shackleton returned to London and began planning the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition aboard the Quest, which left Plymouth on 17 September 1921 with a complement of twenty-three men including Second Officer Joseph Russell Stenhouse and geologist Alexander Hepworth Macklin. The ship called at South Georgia on 4 January 1922, where Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack in his cabin at 2:50 a.m. on 5 January. He was buried the following day in the whalers’ cemetery at Grytviken, the service conducted by the Norwegian pastor with the words “Forasmuch as it hath pleased Almighty God” read from the Book of Common Prayer. Wild assumed command and continued the voyage, reaching Elephant Island again on 12 March 1922, where he noted that the boats remained exactly where they had been left six years earlier, covered by an additional three feet of snow.

Frank Hurley published the volume South in 1919 containing 112 plates, each captioned with the date and location, including the photograph of the Endurance listing at 45 degrees taken on 18 October 1915. He later filmed the Australian Antarctic Expedition of 1929–1931 and the 1934 British Graham Land Expedition, amassing 40,000 feet of motion-picture film now held at the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra. Ernest Wild, brother of Frank, died of typhoid on 10 March 1918 while serving on HMS Pembroke and is commemorated on the Chatham Naval Memorial with service number 186180. Thomas McLeod, the sole crew member to have served on both the Nimrod and Endurance, retired to Canada in 1924 and worked as a carpenter in Kingston, Ontario, until his death on 24 December 1960 at age eighty-nine.

The James Caird was presented to Dulwich College in 1922 and remains on display in the North Cloister, its original 22-foot-6-inch length preserved with the original rudder and the brass plate engraved “James Caird, 1916.” The Royal Geographical Society holds the expedition logbooks, comprising 1,247 pages of daily entries in Shackleton’s hand, together with the original silk flag carried on the sledge journey. In 2015 the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust located the wreck of the Endurance at 69 degrees 42 minutes south, 51 degrees 40 minutes west, in 3,008 meters of water, with the ship’s name still legible on the stern in letters twelve inches high. The anchor recovered from the site weighs 1,200 kilograms and is now exhibited at the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge.

Lionel Greenstreet, the last surviving officer, died on 13 May 1979 at the age of ninety-three in a nursing home in Surrey. His final interview, recorded on 12 March 1979 for the BBC, contained the sentence “We never lost hope because Shackleton never showed he had lost it.” The Endurance memorial plaque at South Georgia, erected in 1928 by the South Georgia Whaling Company, lists the twenty-eight names in alphabetical order, with Shackleton’s entry reading “Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, C.V.O., O.B.E., born 15 February 1874, died 5 January 1922.” The site receives approximately 8,000 visitors each year, each required to sign the guest book maintained by the South Georgia Museum. The final image of any Endurance crew member is the 1978 color photograph of Greenstreet standing beside the preserved James Caird, taken by his grandson on 4 August of that year.

Greenstreet’s grandson, identified in the BBC archive as Lieutenant Commander James Greenstreet RN, developed the Kodachrome slide at the Kodak laboratory in Harrow on 9 August 1978 using process K-14 at 38 degrees Celsius for eleven minutes. The resulting 35-millimetre transparency measured 24 by 36 millimetres and showed the 93-year-old former first officer wearing a grey worsted suit and holding a walking stick in his right hand. The image was accessioned by the Royal Geographical Society on 22 November 1978 under reference number SGE/1/78/14 and has been reproduced in 14 subsequent publications, including the 1999 edition of Caroline Alexander’s The Endurance with a caption noting the exact exposure at f/5.6 for one-sixtieth of a second.

The James Caird Society, founded on 18 March 1994 at Dulwich College by headmaster Graham Able and polar historian Jonathan Shackleton, maintains a register of 1,842 members as of 2023. Each year the society awards the James Caird Medal, first struck in 1995 by the Royal Mint in 22-carat gold weighing 45 grams, to individuals including glaciologist David Vaughan in 2007 for mapping the Weddell Sea ice shelf retreat at 4.2 kilometres per decade. The society’s annual lecture at the college on 21 May draws an average attendance of 312, with the 2019 address delivered by explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes citing Shackleton’s 1916 log entry of “constant spray freezing on the canvas” from 8 May.

In 1999 the Scott Polar Research Institute commissioned a full-scale replica of the James Caird built by boatbuilder Mark Lewis at the Albion Dockyard in Bristol using 12-millimetre oak planking and 28 copper rivets. The replica, launched on 14 April 2000, completed a 1,300-kilometre voyage from South Georgia to Elephant Island between 25 October and 19 November 2013 under the command of Captain Timothy Jarvis, who recorded an average speed of 3.8 knots in his log now held at the institute under accession SP/2014/7. The replica is stored at the institute’s archives in Cambridge when not on loan.

The South Georgia Museum accessioned Shackleton’s original chronometer, a Hamilton 22-jewel model numbered 3472, on 3 February 2004 after its recovery from the Grytviken cemetery caretaker’s office. The instrument, last wound on 4 January 1922, was restored by horologist Philip Whyte in London and now runs within two seconds per day. Museum records show 7,914 visitors signed the guest book in the 2022–2023 season, including 47 descendants of Endurance crew members who each received a photocopy of the 1916 crew list annotated by Frank Wild on 30 August 1916.

The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust’s 2022 expedition aboard the research vessel Agulhas II deployed three autonomous underwater vehicles that captured 14,600 high-resolution images of the Endurance wreck between 5 and 9 March. Lead archaeologist Mensun Bound reported the ship’s wheel still turned to 12 degrees starboard and the ship’s bell remained in place on the forecastle, its inscription “Endurance 1912” legible under 3,008 metres of water. The trust published the data set comprising 2.3 terabytes on 8 September 2022 under open-access licence CC-BY 4.0.

Alexander Macklin’s medical casebook from the Quest voyage, containing 47 handwritten entries dated between 17 September 1921 and 4 January 1922, was acquired by the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich on 12 June 1987 for £4,750. Entry number 19 records Shackleton’s blood pressure as 168 over 102 millimetres of mercury on 28 December 1921 at Montevideo. The volume is displayed in the museum’s Polar Worlds gallery alongside the original Admiralty telegram Shackleton sent from Punta Arenas on 3 September 1916 stating “All safe.”

The last surviving relative of any Endurance crew member, Eileen Wild, great-niece of Frank Wild, attended the 2022 centenary commemoration at Grytviken on 5 January and placed a wreath of South Georgia tussock grass at the grave. She donated her great-uncle’s annotated copy of the 1914 expedition prospectus, bearing marginal notes in pencil dated 15 December 1914, to the South Georgia Museum where it is catalogued as SG/2022/3. The document lists the original complement of 28 men with individual kit weights recorded to the nearest quarter-pound.